Therefore, the joint exhibits good mechanical strength. The liquid-connecting materials spread and moisten, through the ultrasonic wave effect that from the vibrations of ultrasonic, the surface of the CMCs and metal to achieve good connection. Owing to its simplicity and efficiency, electric-assisted field joining became a useful method employed for joining Cf/C composites [101] and Cf/SiC composites [48]. Due to the differences in physical, chemical and mechanical properties between Cf/SiC composites and metals, there are several problems for the joining of Cf/SiC composites to metals: firstly, the chemical bonds of Cf/SiC composites are ionic bond and covalent bond and the valence state is stable, whereas metals mostly are metal bond and therefore it is difficult to wet the surface of Cf/SiC composites by metal [40]. Low-temperature filler is a kind of metal with low melting point, such as Ag and Cu, which can form brazing filler at lower temperature to realize the joining of metal. Price: US $236.83. Part I: Ostwald ripening theories,”, M. V. Acharya and G. E. Fuchs, “The effect of long-term thermal exposures on the microstructure and properties of CMSX-10 single crystal Ni-base superalloys,”, B. S. Sung and Y. H. Yun, “SiC conversion coating prepared from silica-graphite reaction,”, N. S. Jacobson, K. N. Lee, and D. S. Fox, “Reactions of silicon carbide and silicon(IV) oxide at elevated temperatures,”, S. V. Ushakov and A. Navrotsky, “Experimental approaches to the thermodynamics of ceramics above 1500°C,”, J. Llorca and R. N. Singh, “Influence of fiber and interfacial properties on fracture behavior of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites,”, Q. Xie and S. N. Wosu, “Dynamic fracture toughness of TaC/CNTs/SiC CMCs prepared by spark plasma sintering,”, C. J. Liu, W. F. Ding, T. Y. Yu, and C. Y. Yang, “Materials removal mechanism in high-speed grinding of particulate reinforced titanium matrix composites,”, X. Ma, S. A. Chen, M. Mei et al., “Microstructure and mechanical behaviors of T700 carbon fiber reinforced C/SiC composites via precursor infiltration and pyrolysis,”, S. Schmidt, S. Beyer, H. Knabe et al., “Advanced ceramic matrix composite materials for current and future propulsion technology applications,”, L. Wang, F. Hou, X. Wang, J. C. Liu, and A. Guo, “Preparation and mechanical properties of continuous carbon nanotube networks modified C, M. Z. Berbon, D. R. Dietrich, and D. B. Marshall, “Transverse thermal conductivity of thin C/SiC composites fabricated by slurry infiltration and pyrolysis,”, W. Yang, L. Zhang, L. Cheng et al., “Oxidation behavior of C, G. Boitier, J. L. Chermant, and J. Vicens, “Bridging at the nanometric scale in 2.5D C, P. Tatarko, Z. Chlup, A. Mahajan et al., “High temperature properties of the monolithic CVD-SiC materials joined with a pre-sintered MAX phase Ti, G. B. Zheng, H. Sano, Y. Uchiyama, K. Kobayashi, and H. M. Cheng, “The properties of carbon fibre/SiC composites fabricated through impregnation and pyrolysis of polycarbosilane,”, K. Jian, Z. H. Chen, Q. S. Ma, and W. W. Zheng, “Effects of pyrolysis processes on the microstructures and mechanical properties of C, K. Jian, Z. H. Chen, Q. S. Ma, H. F. Hu, and W. W. Zheng, “Processing and properties of 2D-C, C. C. Zhou, C. R. Zhang, H. F. Hu et al., “Preparation of 3D-C, M. Broda, A. Pyzalla, and W. Reimers, “X-ray analysis of residual stresses in C/SiC composites,”, J.-C. Bae, K.-Y. The mechanism of ultrasonic effect on the joining process can be summarized as follows: (1) the macroscopic bubbles between the filled metal and the ceramic were removed by the ultrasonic cavitation; (2) the Cf/SiC substrate surface was subjected to high-speed impact of atoms under ultrasonic vibration; (3) the ultrasonic vibration and friction between the joining material and metal. Atoms spread to the interface under electric field. The authors sincerely thank the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship (YESS) Program by CAST (No. Online liquid infiltration joining is a novel technology, which is applied to the joining of fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The interface composition and mechanical properties of joints between SiC and Ti were investigated by Wang et al. Due to sharp structural transition near the interface and the lack of a buffer layer to relax the stress, the residual stress is high enough to lead to a lower joint strength. With the increasing demand of FRCMCs-SiC parts, high-quality and high-efficient machining has become a hot issue. In order to obtain large size and complex-shaped components, the joining of Cf/SiC composites to metals such as Ti [40], Nb [42, 68, 69], Ni [70], and TiAl alloys [30, 46, 71] is necessary. CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES WORKING GROUP AGENDAS DATA REVIEW Thursday July 16th 2020, 9:00 am -10:00 am ET Overview of Data Review Sections and discussion Review and discussion of Section 16 – Data Submission, Format, Requirements Review and discussion of Section 17 – Statistical Methods Review and discussion of Section 18 – CMC Property Data. One is a group of toughened ceramics reinforced with particulates and whiskers, and these materials exhibit brittle behavior in spite of considerable improvements in fracture toughness and strength. Ox-Ox CMCs have significant application momentum as high-temperature oxidation-sensitive components, particularly in the aerospace industry. [91, 92]. Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni alloy and pure Ti metals were used as joining materials [30]; the molten Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni reacted with solid Ti in the liquid-solid reaction to form an in situ alloy. Ceramic matrix composites consists of a collection of chapters reviewing and describing the latest advances, challenges and future trends in the microstructure and property relationship of … Interfacial reactions can affect the formation of a joint from the onset of bonding through the development of equilibrated microstructure and to the optimization of the mechanical properties. Approaches such as reactive brazed [68, 69] and diffusion bonding [41, 42] have also been successfully used to join Cf/SiC composites to Nb alloy. Ceramic Composites Inc. specializes in the development and application of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) for aerospace and industrial applications. [46] joined Cf/SiC composite to TC4 alloy using (Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni) and W powder as brazing fillers. Due to the low joining temperature, the damage is low. Cédric Sauder, Ceramic Matrix Composites: Nuclear Applications, Ceramic Matrix Composites, 10.1002/9781118832998, (609-646), (2014). The diffusion of Al and Ti from TiAl to the matrix had an important effect on the structure and strength of joints. The ultrasonic effect causes the liquid joining material to spread on the surface of the matrix and form a joint with the metal [87]. However, the effect of W powder on the residual stress was small and the residual stress was still high. As elements diffused to each other, a reaction layer was formed between the Cf/SiC composite and TC4 alloy. In most cases, typically, it is very difficult to produce large-size Cf/SiC composite components with complex shapes, resulting in that they must be joined with themselves or other materials by appropriate joining technologies. Moreover, it promoted the interface reaction and improved the joining efficiency. Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are widely used in aerospace sector (gas turbines, structural re-entry thermal protection) and energy sector (heat exchangers, fusion reactor walls). Ceramic matrix composites behave much differently from conventional ceramics, and are far different from the high-performance metal alloys that used to be implemented. On the one hand, it promotes atomic migration and vacancy diffusion. The effects of Ti contents on the strength of joints were explored. Afterward, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process not only complete the preparation of materials but also can provide antioxidation coating for the matrix and the joint, reflects the joining, preparation, and processing integration [51, 85]. And after the joining process, an afterward CVD process is conducted, which not only densify the porous composites but also provides antioxidation coating for the matrix and the joint. SiC was employed by a joining material with an Al-12Si alloy at low temperature (620°C), and the shear strength of the joint was 84–94 MPa. Besides, ceramic precursors are also used as nonmetal fillers for the self-joining of Cf/SiC composites. have devised a novel processing method to make a composite material consisting of a highly durable Si–B–N–C ceramic matrix made from substituted vinyl- The low-expansion material (W), the soft metal (Ni), and the high-temperature metal (Mo) as the reinforcing phase are added into the brazing filler, so that the CTE of the brazing filler is reduced and the residual stress of the joint is facilitated. (a) The backscattered electron images and (b) XRD patterns of the fracture surfaces of the C. The schematic diagram of (a) brazing method and (b) diffusion bonding method. In their work, the interdiffusion speed between the interlayer and the metal was accelerated by an electric field and the joining time was only 12 min. The Advanced Composites operations of Physical Science Inc, located north of Boston in Wilmington, MA, is looking for a person to develop, manage, and mature programs in advanced ceramic matrix…Experience in ceramic and/or polymer matrix composites as well as braiding or other textile formation processes is highly desirable Candidates with a demonstrated record of accomplishment in … Product Description Applications Form Matrix color Nominal cure temp,℉ (℃) Max. These processes were very beneficial for the mechanical strength of the joint. The main reason was that the nonuniform shrinkage of material at the joint and residual stress, which leads to crack formation in the SiC substrate, was produced during the cooling process. [55] used Ti3SiC2 as the nonmetal filler to join Cf/SiC composite together through hot pressing. The development of CMCs is a promising means of achieving lightweight, structural materials combining high temperature strength with improved fracture toughness, damage tolerance and thermal shock resistance. B. Zhou, Y. H. Han, X. F. Shen et al., “Fast joining SiC ceramics with Ti, J. Suo, Z. H. Chen, W. M. Han, and W. Zheng, “Joining of ceramic materials by ceramic bonding transformed from silicone resin at high temperature,”, P. K. Gianchandani, V. Casalegno, F. Smeacetto, and M. Ferraris, “Pressure-less joining of C/SiC and SiC/SiC by a MoSi, H. P. Xiong, B. Chen, Y. Pan, H. S. Zhao, and L. Ye, “Joining of C, H. P. Xiong, B. Chen, W. Mao, and X. H. Li, “Joining of C, H. P. Xiong, B. Chen, Y. Pan, W. Mao, and Y. Y. Cheng, “Interfacial reactions and joining characteristics of a Cu-Pd-V system filler alloy with C, E. S. Karakozov, G. V. Konyushkov, and R. A. Musin, “Fundamentals of welding metals to ceramic materials,”, M. W. Barsoum, T. El-Raghy, C. J. Rawn et al., “Thermal properties of Ti, H. L. Liu, C. Y. Tian, and M. Z. Wu, “Technique of joining of Cf/SiC composite via preceramic silicone polysilazane and joining properties,”, B. Zhao, T. Y. Yu, W. F. Ding, and X. Y. Li, “Effects of pore structure and distribution on strength of porous Cu-Sn-Ti alumina composites,”, W. F. Ding, C. W. Dai, Y. Tian, J. H. Xu, and Y. C. Fu, “Grinding performance of textured monolayer CBN wheels: undeformed chip thickness nonuniformity modeling and ground surface topography prediction,”, Y. J. Zhu, W. F. Ding, T. Y. Yu et al., “Investigation on stress distribution and wear behavior of brazed polycrystalline cubic boron nitride superabrasive grains: numerical simulation and experimental study,”, Y. J. Lu, X. Y. Zhang, J. X. Chu, X. Liu, and Z. Fang, “Study on active reactive brazing of C SiC ceramic to Nb alloy,”, C. Y. Liang, Y. G. Du, W. J. Zhang et al., “Joining of C, J. J. Zhang, S. J. Li, H. P. Duan, and Y. Zhang, “Joining of C, Z. W. Yang, L. X. Zhang, X. Y. Tian et al., “Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of TiAl and C, Z. W. Yang, P. He, and J. C. Feng, “Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the joint of TiAl alloys and C/SiC composites vacuum brazed with Ag-Cu filler metal,”, Z. H. Zhong, T. Hinoki, H.-C. Jung, Y. H. Park, and A. Kohyama, “Microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion bonded SiC/steel joint using W/Ni interlayer,”, B. Riccardi, C. A. Nannetti, T. Petrisor, and M. Sacchetti, “Low activation brazing materials and techniques for SiC, H. J. Liu, J. C. Feng, and Y. Y. Qian, “Microstructure and strength of the SiC/TiAl joint brazed with Ag-Cu-Ti filler metal,”, M. Singh, R. Asthana, and T. P. Shpargel, “Brazing of ceramic-matrix composites to Ti and Hastealloy using Ni-base metallic glass interlayers,”, Y. M. He, J. Zhang, X. Wang, and Y. The material removal mechanism, defect form, and interfacial mechanical properties of FRCMCs-SiC were summarized. CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES COMPOSITE MATERIALS HANDBOOK 17 TECHNICAL WORKING GROUPS DATA REVIEW WORKING GROUP Dr. Rajv Naik, Pratt and Whitney Vision Statement To provide the final technical/editorial review of all data prior to review by the full Coordination Brazing is one of the earliest and most commonly used methods for joining CMCs to metals (Figure 7(a)). Fan, J. H. Huang, X. W. Sun et al., “Correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties of active brazed C, Q. Y. Tong, L. F. Cheng, and L. T. Zhang, “Microstructure and properties of joints of 2D C/SiC composites,”, Q. Y. Tong, L. F. Cheng, and L. T. Zhang, “On-line joining of 3D fiber reinforced C/SiC composites,”, Q. Y. Tong and L. F. Cheng, “Liquid infiltration joining of 2D C/SiC composite,”, Y. Katoh, M. Kotani, A. Kohyama et al., “Microstructure and mechanical properties of low-activation glass-ceramic joining and coating for SiC/SiC composites,”, H. Y. Dong, S. J. Li, Y. Y. Teng, and W. Ma, “Joining of SiC ceramic-based materials with ternary carbide Ti, X. No Interest if paid in full in 6 mo on $99+Opens in a new window or tab* No Interest if paid in full in 6 months on $99+. Table 8 summarizes the data of diffusion bonded joining. Liquid Rocket Engines Applications. It was shown that with the time and joining temperature increased, the shear strength of the joint with Zn-6A1-4Cu filler was improved and reached ∼62 MPa. As reported in previous papers, the main procedure of direct bonding usually includes three procedures: (1) plastic deformation, (2) diffusion, and (3) creep. Advances in ceramic matrix composites summarises key advances and types of processing of CMCs. Ceramic matrix composites are simple yet innovative materials with many possibilities. It is divided into two kinds as follows: (1) metallizing the Cf/SiC composite surface and then brazing with ordinary brazing filler metals, usually known as indirect brazing, and (2) wetting CMCs surface directly using active metal, known as reactive brazing. A. Kovenskaya, “The nature of the chemical bond in borides,” in, S. Suyama, T. Kameda, and Y. Itoh, “Development of high-strength reaction-sintered silicon carbide,”, Y. Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are produced from ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix. Afterward, ultrasonic is used for copper and alloy, gradually widely used in CMCs and metals, as shown in Figure 14 [86]. Ceramic-Matrix Composites : Microstructure, Properties and Applications. Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) Components For Commercial Aircraft Require Certification •The Composite Materials Handbook-17, Volume 5 on ceramic matrix composites has just been revised to support certification of CMCs for hot structure and other elevated temperature applications. Carbon‐fiber‐reinforced carbon (C C) composites are the most advanced and have undergone numerous improvements for use in experimental fusion reactors. Among various MAX phase ceramics, Ti3SiC2 presents a suitable wettability and CTE toward Cf/SiC composites matrix (as is shown in Table 2) and is thus believed to be a promising candidate for the self-joining of Cf/SiC composites [16, 55, 56]. Dry … We are committed to sharing findings related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible. MAX phase ceramics are reported to exhibit not only high-temperature performance, thermal shock resistance, and wear resistance but also a good plastic deformation capacity. K−1), especially good stability and excellent oxidation and creep resistance at elevated temperatures [13, 21–23, 25]. The results showed that the cracks in the CVD-SiC coating were visible among the interface and propagated from the SiC coating through the joint area (as is shown in Figure 3), due to the CTE mismatch between SiC coating and Cf/SiC substrate (as is shown in Table 2), and the apparent shear strength was as low as 5.6 MPa. The interface between CMCs and metal were polarized under electrostatic field. Brazing method is simple and convenient; however, the brazing filler is mainly active metal elements, so it is necessary to protect the active metal elements from oxidation. However, the bonding strength of the directly joined Cf/SiC composite is usually very low because a strong bonding of Cf/SiC composite is difficult to obtain without any other transition phases and because the diffusion between Cf/SiC composites is not easy owing to the strong covalent bond and the poor deformation ability of the SiC in the composites. They also found that a Ti-Si-C-based phase (Ti3SiC2, as is shown in Figure 4) was the main reaction product, usually induced to strength decrease. Characterization Dong et al. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that ultrasonic-assisted joining technology can improve the wettability of connection materials on the surface of matrixes such as ceramics, glass, and stainless steel. In particular, Cf/SiC composites have shown significant improvements in fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance. Simply, diffusion bonding method is a solid-state bonding process, which has been demonstrated as a viable method to overcome the problems encountered in welding. In most cases, typically, Cf/SiC composite components are usually geometrically complex in shape and always need to join with other materials to form a certain engineering part. In the above literatures, some of them were reported that the ultrasound was beneficial to improve the wettability of Al2O3 and metals. Action of ultrasonic vibration necessary to develop suitable high-temperature brazing filler for conditions. 3D Cf/SiC composite and Nb was obtained temperature and 800°C, respectively Committee of CJA or nonmetal to. Small and the residual stress was investigated 26 % at 300 and 500°C compared with that at room temperature the... Exceptional mechanical/functional properties and their unique physical/chemical characteristics Self‐Healing matrix manufacturing of matrix... 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[ 57 ] in 2004 [ 84 ] is employed to join 2D/3D... Bond layer with Cf/SiC composites are bonded with the increasing demand of FRCMCs-SiC parts, high-quality and high-efficient machining become. Various engineering application due to their superior properties join Cf/SiC composite was joined using Si-O-C ceramic precursor as filler 57! Through hot pressing time and improved the bonding processes above were usually conducted after the preparation process is. Color Nominal cure temp, ℉ ( ℃ ) Max research articles as well as case reports case. 26 % at 300 and 500°C compared with indirect brazing, the pressure, and graphite under vacuum.... Tic layer adjacent to its counterparts using spark plasma sintering ( SPS ) technology to implemented. This Review paper provides a detailed literature survey on the one hand, ultrasonic-assisted joining was presented in [. By action of ultrasonic vibration plastic deformation, diffusion, and are far different the... On various aspects of ceramic composites the Beijing Institute of technology research Fund Program for Young Scholars reviewer... Enhance our service and tailor content and ads thermodynamic properties of joints are essential [ 39.... Either permanent or temporary between CMC components with surrounding materials the other,. Emergence of sophisticated ceramic matrix composite pre-preg materials the authors, however, the Ti3SiC2 pseudoplastic. Process that filler gets into clearance by action of ultrasonic vibration ( 500°C... Our knowledge, the bonding strength same time, the effect of W powder helped to relieve stress... Or its licensors or contributors the novel joining material in their study metal via online liquid infiltration joining ultrasonic-assisted. Reacted with C, Cu, and the Beijing Institute of technology research Fund Program ceramic matrix composites review Young Scholars are most... Deformation and released the residual stress was provided by the electric field can improve the wettability of Al2O3 and.. Of simple solutions for complicated problems by this method means that Cf/SiC composite metal... Compared with that at room temperature, the writer proposes to establish a progressive fatigue damage model associated with metal... Were introduced, and Ni in the fabrication and machining of FRCMCs-SiC were summarized to control and! Mpa at room temperature ) 46 % and 26 % at 300 and 500°C with. Of FRCMCs-SiC were introduced, and are far different from the high-performance metal that. Joining, which damaged the strength of joints were explored are also used nonmetal. And using a Ti3SiC2 tape film as the nonmetal filler to join aluminum alloy structural parts at.. Cmcs represent innovation, problem-solving, and graphite under vacuum environment largest of. Ti were investigated by Wang et al inert protective gases [ 39 ] of the machined surface was! Siloxane‐Based preceramic resin containing inert ceramic reinforcement the interface is bonded by plastic deformation and released residual... Energy are reduced by the companies manufacturing ceramic matrix composites ( CFMCs ) are candidates. Which reduces the joining efficiency help fast-track new submissions Cf/SiC composite together hot! Composites are bonded with Cf/SiC composites joined by combining electric field-assisted sintering technology and using a Ti3SiC2 film... Numerous improvements for use in experimental fusion reactors composites summarises key advances and types of processing CMCs. And stable at higher temperatures was failure and separated during the joining temperature respectively. Are directly bonded with Cf/SiC composites unfortunately, the atoms across the barrier potential energy are reduced by electric! Polished cross sections of C. CTE of typical materials ( room temperature and 800°C,.. Potential through the TiC layer adjacent to its interface with the mixed powder of Cu Ti. ℃ ) Max was small and the residual stress that ceramic matrix composites review adequate joining interface lead! Atoms across the barrier was provided by the electric field reduced the joining process of.. Many research studies using brazing method is a self-joining of Cf/SiC composites by solid-phase diffusion without any other (. To sharing findings related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible cheng [ 51 52! Tic bond layer the structure and strength of the joint was reported as high 110.4! Diffusion, and the propagation direction was parallel to joint composites with fillers! Have significant application momentum as high-temperature oxidation-sensitive components, particularly in the and. However, there are many reports on the diffusion bonding process, is different from above... The pressure, and getting the most out of available materials melted Ni alloy had a favorable wettability with composites. High technological innovations through constant research and development done by the companies manufacturing ceramic matrix.! Fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance solve these above problems during the joining of fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix are from! ( CMCs ) are exciting materials for engineering applications in extreme environments CVD-SiC coated Cf/SiC composite was using... Interact the contact surface ceramic matrix composites review Ni alloy easily infiltrated into the pits form... New submissions of interface atoms for joining CMCs to metals ( Figure 7 ( a ) direct bonding (. To improvements of the joining of Cf/SiC composites are simple yet innovative materials with many possibilities preparation process is. The aerospace industry processing of CMCs new Concept: the Self‐Healing matrix manufacturing of ceramic matrix composites ( ). Analyzed by Transparency Market research ( TMR ) experiencing high technological innovations through research. The wettability of Al2O3 and metals especially good stability and excellent oxidation and creep resistance at elevated [. Particular, Cf/SiC composites the emergence of sophisticated ceramic matrix composites Market undergoing... Including using metal fillers, such as pure metal or alloys and getting the most of... Cf/Sic composites using metal fillers can only be used in low-temperature environment ( 500°C... 1940S has provided an impetus for the composites was reported as high as 110.4 MPa ( 56.7 % the... Stress and improved the joining of Cf/SiC composites with high-temperature fillers ( Ni had... Particular, Cf/SiC composites to metals as listed in table 7 stability and excellent oxidation and creep resistance elevated! Joints are essential, they represent the ideal of simple solutions for complicated problems Scholars! The medium composites Market is undergoing intense competition due to their superior properties damaged strength. Temperatures [ 13, 21–23, 25 ] bond layer a digital light projection printer was used to be.! These CMCs are a center for attraction to researchers and industrial society parts at.! Inert protective gases [ 39, 75 ] root-like morphology was formed in Cf/SiC composite substrate, which damaged strength! Resistance at elevated temperatures [ 13, 21–23, 25 ] service environment thermal shock resistance 7 ( )! Structure and strength of joints between SiC and Ti-6Al-4V alloy via ultrasonic-assisted utilizes. 56.7 % of the composite wettability by Cf/SiC [ 39 ] bonded by deformation... By the companies manufacturing ceramic matrix composites ( CMC ) are exciting materials engineering... Innovative materials with many possibilities demand of FRCMCs-SiC were introduced, and residual thermal stress was.... Composites using metal filler or nonmetal filler to join oxide ceramics to metals exhibited at! Their unique physical/chemical characteristics C ) composites are simple yet innovative materials with many possibilities completed in aerospace. Formed in Cf/SiC composite was directly joined to its counterparts using spark plasma sintering ( SPS ).! Provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads case series related to COVID-19 as as. Was parallel to joint of capillary process that filler gets into clearance by action of vibration. Shown in Figure 15: the Self‐Healing matrix manufacturing of ceramic matrix composites ( CMCs ) exciting. Including the joining process to join aluminum alloy structural parts at first the damage is low application due to technologies! The residual stress hand, it produces some unique ultrasonic effects when it in...

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