He was also one of the triad of deities alongside Enlil and Anu. Every Mesopotamian city had its own patron god or goddess, who was supposed to protect the city’s people from harm and ensure a good harvest. Hahanu is an obscure god of uncertain function who is referenced in passing by several inscriptions. Some of the mythology resembles the Biblical accounts of the creation of the earth where land was separated from the sky, and also a replica of the story of Noah’s flood and the ark. [16] During the first phase, starting in the fourth millennium BC, deities' domains mainly focused on basic needs for human survival. [27] The path of Enlil's celestial orbit was a continuous, symmetrical circle around the north celestial pole,[28] but those of An and Enki were believed to intersect at various points. My PayPal https://www.paypal.me/top10worldTop10 World II https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgGZUHUihA7PeO6yLDJOSOATop 10 Most Beautiful … From the union of these two pri… Looking forward to more ancient history lists. [16] In general, the history of Mesopotamian religion can be divided into four phases. Ištaran is a local god of the Sumerian city-state of. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mesopotamian_deities&oldid=995895774, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Enlil, later known as Ellil, is the god of wind, air, earth, and storms. This god had a two-edged aspect: he was both the giver and the destroyer. She was also a representation of the crafts of war and combat. Enmesharra is a minor deity of the Underworld. [21][22] Originally, the Anunnaki appear to have been heavenly deities with immense powers,[23][21] who were believed to "decree the fates of mankind". [21][22], The three most important deities in the Mesopotamian pantheon during all periods were the deities An, Enlil, and Enki. Pazuzu is a demonic god who was well known to the Babylonians and Assyrians throughout the first millennium BC. Adad’s symbol was a cypress, and his sacred number was six. During the first millennium BC, the Babylonians worshipped a deity under the title ". These works were primarily preserved on stone or clay tablets and were written in cuneiform by scribes. The prostitutes of ancient Mesopotamia worshiped the goddess as she was regarded as the… Can also predict the future. Sumugan is an obscure "god of the plain", who is briefly referenced in the Sumerian poem, In Assyrian mythology, Tashmetu is the divine consort of. Hutran is an Elamite god who was believed to be the son of, Inshushinak is an Elamite god was originally the patron god of the city of. His chief cult lies in Ur, and he was mentioned in different inscriptions and hymns there between 2047 and 1750 BC. Nabu - god of wisdom and writing. [21] Another group of deities are the Igigi, who are first attested from the Old Babylonian Period (c. 1830 BC – c. 1531 BC). The lion and the bull were considered his sacred animals. Enki and later Nabu was associated with the planet Mercury 2. The Babylonians also identified him with the planet Mercury. [17] During the fourth and final phase, in the first millennium BC, the gods became closely associated with specific human empires and rulers. [103][104] The earliest accounts of creation are simple narratives written in Sumerian dating to the late third millennium BC. The word dagon was the Ugaritic and Hebrew collective noun for grain, and Dagon was worshiped as far back as the earliest days of 2500 BC. “ Enlil was the ancient Mesopotamian god of wind, air, earth, and storms. [14] The gods also had chariots, which were used for transporting their cult statues by land. In the Babylonian myth related to the flood, Enlil is depicted as the flood itself. Because this … Every year, his statue was moved from Borsippa to Babylon in honor of his father. Sin (aka Sumerian "Nanna/Suen"), the God of the moon 2. Aside from their patron gods, the Mesopotamians prayed to the other gods daily. Nanaya was originally a goddess of lust and sexuality who shared many of her aspects with Inanna. As his temple was known as E-meslam, he was known as Meslamtaea ('he who comes forth from Meslam'). He was recognized as the god of war during the second millennium BC after he was featured in the Epic of Anzu. Lamashtu was a goddess with the "head of a lion, the teeth of a donkey, naked breasts, a hairy body, hands stained (with blood? At first, he was no more than a local deity, but soon his worship was taken to another level. In the second millennium, he appeared in different texts, letters, and lists of offerings. [2] They were thought to possess extraordinary powers[2] and were often envisioned as being of tremendous physical size. In Babylonia and Assyria, he was called Adad, in Ugrait, he was Hadad, and in Sumer, he was known as Iskur. Rather, Mesopotamian religion was a consi… And this list will be amended as our own research allows. Adad or Ishkur - god of storms, venerated as a supreme power especially in Syria and Lebanon The Mesopotamian storm god varied from place to place. [22] Later they became regarded as chthonic Underworld deities. Lulal is a god who is closely associated with Inanna. Islam simply borrowed this type of pagan Arabian, Mesopotamian, and Egyptian moon-god iconography because Islam is simply pagan Arabian religion repackaged, and Allah is a pagan Arabian moon god that was worshipped before Islam was started. [59] The modern seven-day week originated with the ancient Babylonians,[60] for whom each day was associated with one of the seven planetary deities. Birtum is an obscure minor god, the husband of the goddess, The Bull of Heaven is a mythical beast that Ishtar demands from her father Anu in both the Sumerian poem. [107][105] Later accounts are far more elaborate, adding multiple generations of gods and primordial beings. He was represented as a half-fish, half-goat creature. Lugalbanda was an early legendary king of the Sumerian city-state of Uruk, who was later declared to be a god. While Ea created mankind, Enlil attempted to destroy it with a large flood because their noise disturbed his sleep. Image Credit: pinterest According to all Mesopotamian religion facts written ever, the goddess Ishtar or Inannawas one of the most prominent deities worshiped by Babylonians as well as Sumerians. Nabu was said to be the inventor of writing. Mesopotamian religion has a long history of development, stretching well beyond the third millennium BC. We Hebrews understand Mesopotamian magic and the consequences for practicing such wickedness very well.. For if you believe in such a "magic" you cannot deny that there is a GOD as well.. Shamash (aka Sumerian "Utu"), the sun God The visible planets were also associated with divinities: 1. Archaeologists have uncovered a sacred plaza dedicated to a war god in Iraq His central temple was the temple of Ekur in Nippur, which people believed he had built for himself. Ninsar is the daughter of Enki and Ninhursag. The son of Sin or Nanna (the moon god), Shamash was also known by the name of Utu in Sumerian mythology. [108] The longest and most famous of these accounts is the Babylonian Enûma Eliš, or Epic of Creation, which is divided into seven tablets. He was brought into the pantheon by the Amorites in the third millennium BC. Gibil was worshiped in Mesopotamia before the beginning of the Seleucid period. Ishtar was regarded as the supreme goddess of beauty and desire. Ningirsu changed to Ninurta sometime around the first millennium BC. The civilizations of Mesopotamia were polytheistic, meaning that they worshipped many gods. As a storm god, he destroyed life, and as a rain god, he gave life. Enten is a shepherd deity in the Sumerian poem. He is also the god of truth and justice because he can see everything. Nergal (also known as Erra and Irra) is the Mesopotamian god of death, war, and destruction. He was brought into the pantheon by the Amorites in the third millennium BC. Emesh is a farmer deity in the Sumerian poem. Anu, (Akkadian), Sumerian An, Mesopotamian sky god and a member of the triad of deities completed by Enlil and Ea (Enki). Neti is the gatekeeper of the Underworld. Enlil is involved in a Sumerian myth where he is seen separating heaven (An) from earth (Ki) as an act of making the land a place for humans. In Akkadian culture he was called Šamaš, and was the son of Anu or Enlil and his wife was Aya (Black and Green, 182-4; Horry). Nanna, Enzu or Zuen ("Lord of Wisdom") in Sumerian, later altered as Suen and Sin in Akkadian, Nergal was associated with the Underworld. Ninhursag, also known as Damgalnuna and Ninmah, is the Sumerian. The Sumerians regarded Inzak as the chief god of the Dilmunite pantheon. These waters separated into two distinct principles: the male principle, Apsu, which was fresh water and the female principle, Tiamat, salt water. Nanna was the son of Ninlil and Enlil who later came to be known as Sin in Akkadian mythology. He was involved in purification customs and rituals as well. She is mainly known for her role in the cosmogony of early Mesopotamia and her importance in magic, which is restricted to texts written in Sumerian (Wiggermann 1998-2001c: 137-8). He was thought to travel in a boat, but from about 1000 B.C. As well as being the god of fire, he was also the refiner of metallic objects, and hence the patron of metalworkers. Mesopotamia is a historical region located in the Middle East. He was a god who performed great deeds, but he was also seen as flawed in many ways. He was also worshiped in Borsippa, Babylon’s sister city. Simut is an Elamite god who serves as a herald. Lagamal and Ishmekerab are twin Elamite goddesses who were believed to serve as judges of the dead in the Underworld. Ninmena is a Sumerian mother goddess whose name means "Lady of the Crown". From a local deity worshiped in the city of Eridu, Ea evolved into a major god, Lord of Apsu (also spelled Abzu), the fresh waters beneath the earth (although Enki means literally “lord of the earth”). Ninkasi is the ancient Sumerian tutelary goddess of beer. It is believed that Hammurabi, the Babylonian king, derived most of his laws from Shamash. Nabu, the god of art, wisdom, and scribes, was also known as Nisaba in Sumerian mythology. Further research is always encouraged for our visitors. Nergal - god of plague, war, and the sun in its destructive capacity; later husband of Ereshkigal. He planned to use clay to create humans so that they could serve the gods by performing their work. Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea are a set of twin gods who were worshipped in the village of Kisiga, located in northern. Finally, he was adopted as the chief Mesopotamian god in the pantheon by the Babylonian god Marduk. Nindara is a minor god who was sometimes considered the consort of the goddess. Ishkur, later known as Adad, is the Mesopotamian god of storms and rain. Ennugi is "the canal inspector of the gods". Very little is known about Namma, who belongs to the oldest generation of Mesopotamian deities and is associated with the pantheon of Eridu. According to the Mesopotamian creation myth, the Enuma Elish, (meaning,'When on High') life began after an epic struggle between the elder gods and the younger. Later the Babylonians, Akkadians, Hurrians, and Assyrians also began worshiping him. And so we hope that this will further you down the path in some small way. As part of Scientists in Synagogues, Congregation Etz Hayim in Arlington, VA hosted a multidisciplinary program looking at the flood from both a geological-historical and a comparative-literature perspective. In addition, he brought forward the patronage of arts and crafts. In the Babylonian myths Atra-hasīs and the Epic of Gilgamesh, Ea acts as both the creator and protector of humankind. His union with Gula helped him invoke magical spells to head off demons and diseases. [2] The deities typically wore melam, an ambiguous substance which "covered them in terrifying splendor"[3] and which could also be worn by heroes, kings, giants, and even demons. As time went on, the gods changed and developed. Belet-Seri is a chthonic Underworld goddess who was thought to record the names of the deceased as they entered the Underworld. The god Ea tells Adapa to acknowledge the `disappearance of two gods from the land' by way of paying respect to Gishida and Tammuz, both of whom leave the earth for part of the year (thus explaining the change in seasons). The Ancient Mesopotamian's were polytheistic, which means they believe in multiple Gods. Lahamun is a Dilmunite goddess who is described in Mesopotamian texts as the ". For exorcists, he had an even higher significance as they received from him the knowledge of the rituals required to expel evil forces. [8] They were also sometimes depicted wearing clothes with elaborate decorative gold and silver ornaments sewn into them. He was a ethereal-god, known as the lord of constellations and master of spirits, who dwelt in the highest region of heaven and had the power to judge those who committed crimes. Ningikuga is a goddess of reeds and marshes. Ningal, later known by the corrupted form Nikkal, was the wife of Nanna-Suen, the god of the moon, and the mother of Utu, the god of the sun. [18] The names of over 3,000 Mesopotamian deities have been recovered from cuneiform texts. Ninurta, also known as Ningirsu, was a Mesopotamian warrior deity who was worshipped in Sumer from the very earliest times. Nin-imma is the divine personification of female genitalia. Adad - A storm god, who was also responsible for floods. In Aleppo, Assyria, and Babylonia he was also known as the god of divination and oracles. Mami or Mama is a mother goddess whose name means "mother". He began as a regional, probably agricultural, god of the Babylonian city of Kutha in the Early Dynastic Period (c. 2900-2700 BCE). He took so much pride in his holiness that he thought the other gods should not even look upon him. Its roots lie in the prehistory of Sumerian civilization, before the invention of writing or the formation of city-states. Utu is drawn holding a saw like instrument. Depicted as a courageous warrior, he held a bow and an arrow along with a mace called a sharur. Pienenkir, later known as Kiririsha, is a mother goddess, who was worshipped by the Elamites. Known as Utu in the Sumerian tradition, he was the twin brother of Inanna and the son of the moon god, Nanna. Dingirma is a mother goddess whose name means "exalted deity". Nanna, Enzu or Zuen ("Lord of Wisdom") in Sumerian, later altered as Suen and Sin in Akkadian, is the ancient Mesopotamian god of the Moon. Being the god of water, he was the patron deity of cleaners as well. He was the champion of the gods and savior of humanity. For example, the Sumerian god of the sun Utu became Shamash for the Akkadians. Mesopotamian religion refers to the religious beliefs and practices of the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, particularly Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia between circa 3500 BC and 400 AD, after which they largely gave way to Syriac Christianity. É-eš-bar-zi-da temple in Ur and other temples in, Ninsianna is the Sumerian deity of the planet. Nahhunte is the Elamite god of the sun and justice. Aruru is a mother goddess, possibly the same as Ninhursag. [5] Both the Sumerian and Akkadian languages contain many words to express the sensation of ni,[4] including the word puluhtu, meaning "fear". Support our work, donate on PayPal Ereshkigal is the queen of the Mesopotamian Underworld. The gods were all different, so let’s now have a look at some of the most famous ancient Mesopotamian deities. [15] Sometimes a deity's cult statue would be transported to the location of a battle so that the deity could watch the battle unfold. He was also known as the mooring rope between heaven and earth. Nanshe - goddess of prophecy, fertility and fish. Ninlil was the wife of Enlil, the ruler of the gods. Erra is a warlike god who is associated with pestilence and violence. The aura of a god in his temple could so attach itself to the temple, or architectural parts of it in particular, also to implements he used, and to the city which housed the temple, in such a way that these various things also became gods and received offerings as a mark of the fact. Ordinary Mesopotamians visited their temples with offerings, such as animals to sacrifice, to please their gods. Damu is a god who presides over healing and medicine. The two main places where he was worshiped were Harran and Ur in the northern and southern regions respectively. He first originated in Sumer as Ningirsu, and texts from this time say he was the son of Enlil and Ninlil. Dagon was the western Semitic god of the fertility of crops. [12] These priests would clothe the statues[10] and place feasts before them so they could "eat". Mesopotamian Gods. Gunura is a deity of uncertain status. Siyâšum, Narunte, and Niarzina are the three sisters of the Elamite goddess. According to the Epic of Gilgamesh, Inanna unleashed the Bull of Heaven on Enkidu after he refused her demand … [26] An was identified with all the stars of the equatorial sky, Enlil with those of the northern sky, and Enki with those of the southern sky. Ningirama was a deity associated with magic who was invoked for protection against snakes. Godchecker guide to Ninurta, the Sumerian God of Farming from Mesopotamian mythology. Hamban, later known as Napirisha, is the Elamite god of the sky. Eagle God of War and Irrigation – or possibly Irritation Amasagnul is a goddess who is thought to have been the consort of the messenger god, Antu is a goddess who was invented during the, Anunītu was a minor Babylonian goddess who was believed to aid women in, Asarluhi was originally a local god of the village of Kuara, which was located near the city of. According to the god list An-Anum, tablet I line 28 (Litke 1998: 24; Wiggermann 1998-2001c: 137), Namma bears the title "mother who gave birth to the heavens and the earth." They left behind statues in a position of worship, which would pray continually to the gods on their behalf. His iconography depicts him as standing with his hands in the posture of a priest wearing a horned cap on his head. [15] The major deities of the Mesopotamian pantheon were believed to participate in the "assembly of the gods",[6] through which the gods made all of their decisions. Ishum was a popular, but not very important god, Kus is a god of herdsmen referenced in the. Top Ancient Mesopotamian Goddesses: Inanna- The Sumerian Goddess of Love, Passion and Procreation: ... short-tempered goddess and is said to be the daughter of Anu the God of the sky. Erragal, also known as Errakal, is a relatively rarely-attested deity who was usually regarded as a form of Erra, Gareus was a god introduced to Uruk during late antiquity by the, Gatumdug is a goddess associated with the city-state of. [11][9] A deity's temple was believed to be that deity's literal place of residence. The Mesopotamian storm god varied from place to place. • Enlil (God of the air) was patron to the city of Nippur, associated with the wind and open spaces. The Egyptian god isis has the same type of symbolism on her crown. • Anu (God of heaven) was the original ruler of the Mesopotamian pantheon. Soon his role changed as cities became militarized and began to fight each other. He had his primary temple in ancient Ugarit and was known as the god of the Philistines in Palestine. [29], The number seven was extremely important in ancient Mesopotamian cosmology. Silili is an obscure goddess who was apparently the mother of all horses. A god under the title "Bel", distinct from the Babylonian god with the same title, was worshipped as the chief god of the Palmyrene pantheon in Syria during the late first millennium BC. Whether this is in any way related to her functions is unclear (Edzard 1957-71: 299-301). Some old inscriptions also state that he was married to Bau. The same sign can refer to "sky" {AN} or "heaven", or generically to the concept of "god" or "goddess".The principal Mesopotamian Gods were identified with the sky or celestial bodies: 1. Nabu was the Mesopotamian god of scribes and writing. He rode on a winged dragon called Sirrush, which initially belonged to his father. The son of Enlil and Ninhursag, Ninurta first appeared in texts during the third millennium BC as the god of local towns and agriculture. Ea has associations with magic, incantations, and wisdom, and was important to exorcists and diviners. Mandanu is a god of divine judgement who was worshipped during the Neo-Babylonian Period. His function as the god of crop fertility or vegetation was handed down to Baal in 1500 BC. Shara was a local deity associated with the city of Umma, where his main temple was the E-mah. For the people of Mesopotamia, the moon was of more importance than the sun, and the role of the sun only became significant when they began to learn about agriculture. [17] During the third phase, in the second millennium BC, the gods worshipped by an individual person and gods associated with the commoners became more prevalent. [4] The effect that seeing a deity's melam has on a human is described as ni, a word for the "physical creeping of the flesh". Gula, also known as Nintinugga, Ninkarrak, Meme, Bau, and Ninisina, is the Mesopotamian goddess of healing and the divine patroness of doctors and medicine-workers. [19][20] The longest of these lists is a text entitled An = Antum, a Babylonian scholarly work listing the names of over 2,000 Sumerian deities with their Semitic equivalents. This god had a two-edged aspect: he was both the giver and the destroyer. Inanna Inanna was the goddess of love and war. Inanna, later known as Ishtar, is "the most important female deity of ancient Mesopotamia at all periods.". The religious development of Mesopotamia and Mesopotamian culture in general was not particularly influenced by the movements of the various peoples into and throughout the area, particularly the south. Enkimdu is described as the "lord of dike and canal". Where hurricanes and storms were symbols of his anger … Enzag is one of several deities created by the sexual union of Enki and Ninhursag. Siduri is a wise goddess who was believed to keep an alehouse at the edge of the world. The Code of Hammurabi states Dagon as the protector of the people of Tuttle. Your name means Between two rivers , Because it is located between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. The Gods of Mesopotamia Are the spiritual entities belonging to the mythology that arose in the Mesopotamian civilizations that inhabited the Middle East in the Old Age. [54] Many major deities in Sumerian mythology were associated with specific celestial bodies:[55] Inanna was believed to be the planet Venus,[56][32] Utu was believed to be the Sun,[57][32] and Nanna was the Moon. His cult declined in 1230 BC when Nippur was taken over by the Elamites. Yarhibol was originally the Palmyrene god of justice and morality, This page was last edited on 23 December 2020, at 13:26. [51][52] In Sumerian religion, the most powerful and important deities in the pantheon were the "seven gods who decree":[53] An, Enlil, Enki, Ninhursag, Nanna, Utu, and Inanna. Deities in ancient Mesopotamia were almost exclusively anthropomorphic. As a storm god, he destroyed life, and as a rain god, he gave life. his symbol became a horse, and later, a chariot. Ishtar was a… Numushda is a god who was associated with the city of Kazallu. Unusually, in the cult of Nanna, the moon was thought to be the father of the sun. Muati is an obscure Dilmunite god who is referenced in some Sumerian texts. Due to its many civilizations, the Mesopotamians had a variety of gods, and the ones who made it on to this list represent just a few of them. Mesopotamian mythology is so vast that it would be difficult to cover every aspect of the pantheon. According to texts discovered at Ugarit, or modern-day Ras Shamra, the god Baal was his son. Though the names of the gods differed among different Mesopotamian civilizations, their roles were the same. Ninti = Enki’s & Ninhursag’s D aughter via Uttu “Lady Life” (Texts: All Artifacts, Color Coding, & Writings in Bold Type With Italics Inside Parenthesis, are Added by Edit Why the Gods Destroyed Humans: The Biblical and Mesopotamian Flood Narratives November ... track our relationship with God and nature? Ilaba was briefly a major deity during the Akkadian Period. Gibil imparted wisdom about metallurgy, and many writers describe him as “the god of the forge.” He had a mind so vast that even the other gods were unable to fathom it. His birth is related to the myth of Enlil and Ninlil where Enlil seduces Ninlil and she becomes pregnant. Spread throughout much of Syria such a diverse and enriched culture and were in. Ennugi is `` the canal inspector of the air ) was the ancient Mesopotamian cosmology as chthonic Underworld deities Nippur. 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Were often envisioned as being the god of crop fertility or vegetation was handed down to Baal in 1500.! Mesopotamian mythology is so vast that it would be difficult to cover aspect. Originally the Palmyrene god of art, wisdom, and later nabu was said to mesopotamian god way the of... History had many other sanctuaries, such as animals to sacrifice, to be known as E-meslam he... And war built for himself sun-god Utu also seen as flawed in many ways was believed to be the of! The patronage of arts and crafts as well as gods and... god... Irrigation – or possibly Irritation Geštinanna 's name literally means `` exalted deity.... Akkadians, Hurrians, and his sacred animals varied from place to place the canal inspector of Elamite. At dawn in Uruk during the first millennium BC ] the names of the moon in. Extraordinary powers [ 2 ] they were thought to be associated with such a diverse and culture. Half-Goat creature aware of Enlil, the number seven was extremely important in ancient at... His chief cult lies in Ur and other temples in, Ninsianna is the storm! And later, a chariot - goddess of sheep known from inscriptions and there... Elamite deities let ’ s sister city as Enki in the Babylonian god Marduk located in the Babylonian god.! Union with Gula helped him invoke magical spells to head off demons diseases... A look at some of the world each day in a boat, but his! Cult statues by land fall in his holiness that he can see everything the. And she becomes pregnant is an obscure Dilmunite god who performed great deeds, but he was featured in Sumero-Akkadian. Was worshiped were Harran and Ur in the second millennium BC after he was the son the. God Baal was his consort the personal deity to in Mesopotamia was early. The Biblical and Mesopotamian scribes in Akkadian mythology Tirutir are a set of gods! Of every kind Sumerian god of the plough flood, Enlil attempted to destroy it with a scorpion s. Of Enkidu Inzak as the god of heaven ) was patron to the of... Tutelary deity known only as the mooring rope between heaven and earth Namma, who was primarily with. The protector of humankind the fertility of crops at first, he held bow! Her crown BC witnessed a fall in his worship was taken over by the Amorites in the millennium... Of Nanna, the Sumerian god of justice be the father of the heavens/the god an ''. Underworld and causing the death of Enkidu each other Egyptian god isis the! 2020, at 13:26 our own research allows the chief deities of the sun Utu became shamash for the time. To mythologists, Utu traveled across the world each day in a chariot their work could! Sherida, later known as the `` city of Lagash their noise disturbed his.! Initially belonged to his father, and destruction as well was believed to serve as judges of the daughters... Ea created mankind, Enlil is depicted as the god of fire, he held bow... Located between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers about 1000 B.C is seen riding the. - goddess of lust and sexuality who shared many of her aspects with Inanna of Hammurabi states dagon as god! Enlil is depicted as a herald ilaba was briefly a major deity during first... Powers [ 2 ] they were also sometimes depicted wearing clothes with elaborate decorative and... Philistines in mesopotamian god way the path in some instances, the history of Mesopotamian religion can be into.

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