Natural conditions. on sandy soils and a shallow rooting crop, furrow irrigation would be most appropriate. If the irrigation water contains dissolved salts, drip irrigation is particularly suitable, as less water is applied to the soil than with surface methods. Irrigation increases the availability of water supply, which in turn increases the income of the farmers. On loam or clay soils all three irrigation methods can be used, but surface irrigation is more commonly found. They therefore need frequent but small irrigation applications, in particular when the sandy soil is also shallow. Sub Surface Irrigation. In this type of irrigation, either the field is flooded (this is known as Basin Irrigation) or the water is fed into small channels (this is known as furrow irrigation). Their operation and maintenance is simple (see Figure 66). Here, the water is distributed through watering cans by manual labour. Irrigation is the process of supplying water to the land at regular intervals by means of canals and other artificial methods, to enhance agricultural growth and maintain the landscape during the periods of less average rainfall. A minimum slope of 0.05% is recommended to assist drainage. The net irrigation application values used are only a rough guide. For example: if the soil is sandy and the rooting depth of the crop is medium, it is estimated that the net depth of each irrigation application will be in the order of 35 mm. Furrow irrigation can be used on flat land (short, near horizontal furrows), and on mildly sloping land with a slope of maximum 0.5%. The above considerations have been summarized in Table 5. They result from a combination of soil type and rooting depth. or Border Irrigation, 7.1 Surface, Sprinkler or Drip Irrigation. 18 Methods Of Irrigation - Suitability, Advantages And ... ... Sign in Nutrients may also be provided to the crops through irrigation. When the irrigation schedule has been determined (see Volume 4) it is known how much water (in mm) has to be given per irrigation application. It is not certain that the farmers will accept the new method. In drip irrigation, water is applied near the plant root through emitters or drippers, on or below the soil surface , at a low rate varying from 2 – 20 litres per hour. Testing of the various methods – under the prevailing local conditions – provides the best basis for a sound choice of irrigation method. Followings are the types of irrigation methods-Surface Irrigation; Localized Irrigation; Drip Irrigation; Sprinkler Irrigation; Center Pivot Irrigation; Lateral Move Irrigation; Sub-Irrigation; Manual Irrigation; A brief description of these irrigation types is given below. Field experience has shown that most water can be applied per irrigation application when using basin irrigation, less with border irrigation and least with furrow irrigation. The main objective of this research is to compare different irrigation methods based upon a parametric evaluation system in an area of 41,200 ha in the Rasht region, north Iran. Under very windy conditions, drip or surface irrigation methods are preferred. ( 2014 ) proposed a model to assess and map irrigation water well suitability using geospatial analysis. Sprinkler and drip irrigation require little land levelling; system operation and maintenance are less labour-intensive. The suitability of the various irrigation methods, i.e., surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation depends mainly on the following factors: a. Surface II. The increased number of alternative irrigation methods, drought and water shortages, increasing demand for food, concern for environmental protection, government involvement in the promotion of pressurized irrigation and private sector interest (the interest of suppliers of irrigation equipments to increase their income regardless of the consequences for farmers) have heightened … Drip irrigation with saline water is one of the most effective methods to ease the current worldwide water shortage. In this, the water is distributed by a sprinkler system moving in a circular pattern. They are constructed and maintained by machines. Also, a regular supply of fuel and spare parts must be maintained which - together with the purchase of equipment - may require foreign currency. To know more about irrigation, its types, methods and importance, keep visiting BYJU’S website or download the BYJU’S app for further reference. Sprinkler and drip irrigation, because of their high capital investment per hectare, are mostly used for high value cash crops, such as vegetables and fruit trees. Farmer must know which method suits the local conditions best. 2.4 Crop-Water requirement calculation by Penman method and computer software (CROPWAT-8) 2.5 Principal crops, their seasons and water requirements 2.6 Method of applying water to irrigation field as surface, sub-surface and Sprinkler methods 2.7 Techniques of surface irrigation and their suitability Testing of the various methods - under surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation, depends mainly on the following factors: Natural conditions; Type of crop; Type of technology Applying in drops Irrigation methods I. Cost/benefit analysis is, however, beyond the scope of this manual. on a clay soil and with a deep rooting crop, border or basin irrigation would be more appropriate. Sub-surface III. rice). In general it can be stated that to operate the system, basin irrigation requires the least labour and the least skill. Also, we have published details of some of these irrigation methods. Furrow irrigation is best used for irrigating row crops such as maize, vegetables and trees. Machine operation requires a high level of skill, organization and usually foreign currency. To maintain the equipment a high level of 'know-how' has to be available,. Especially if the basins are small, they can be constructed by hand or animal traction. Two different methods of irrigation are- modern methods that include sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation; traditional irrigation that includes manual irrigation where water is pulled out by the farmers themselves from the wells and canals to irrigate the land. The servicing of the equipment may be problematic and the costs may be high compared to the benefits. But its efficiency is poor because of the uneven distribution of water. However, it must be remembered that efficiency is just as much a function of the irrigator as the method used. The process of supplying water to the crops is known as irrigation. However, the amount of land levelling can be considerable. c. Type of technology. The result shows … Spraying it under pressure 2. (However, none of the surface irrigation methods can be used if the sand is very coarse, i.e. If, on the other hand, a large amount of irrigation water is to be applied per application, e.g. several important criteria in the selection of a suitable irrigation method. The comparison of the different types of irrigation techniques revealed that the sprinkle and drip irrigation methods were more effective and efficient than the surface irrigation methods for improving land productivity. If the infiltration rate is higher than 30 mm/hour, sprinkler or drip irrigation should be used. if the infiltration rate is more than 30 mm/hour.). These costs should then be compared with the expected benefits (yields). Factors affecting the suitability of an irrigation method. Irrigation has stabilized the output and yield levels. Required fields are marked *. Before choosing an irrigation method, an estimate must be made of the costs and benefits of the available options. Sprinkler or Drip Irrigation, 7.2 Basin, Furrow Comparison of Different Irrigation Methods Based on the Parametric Evaluation Approach in West North Ahwaz Plain 261 County, (33%) was moderately suitable (S2), (%9) was classified as marginally suitable (S3), (7%) of the area was founded currently not suitable (N1) and (25%) was very unsuitable for surface irrigation due to their high slope gradient. Some examples of the traditional system are pulley system, lever system, chain pump. best. The sizes of the furrows, borders and basins have been discussed in the previous chapters. On the cost side not only the construction and installation, but also the operation and maintenance (per hectare) should be taken into account. ( 2012 ) and El Omran et al. They are seldom used for the lower value staple crops. Applying it beneath the soil surface 4. Again, it is not possible to give specific guidelines leading to a single best solution; each option has its advantages and disadvantages. Irrigation systems are often designed to maximise efficiencies and minimize labour […] Irrigation offers moisture required for growth and development, germination and other related functions. This a labour intensive and time-consuming system of irrigation. Among these, the pump system is the most common and used widely. the prevailing local conditions - provides the best basis for a sound choice In areas of supplementary irrigation, sprinkler or drip irrigation may be more suitable than surface irrigation because of their flexibility and adaptability to varying irrigation demands on the farm. d. Previous experience with irrigation. In practice, in small-scale irrigation projects, usually 40-70 mm of water are applied in basin irrigation, 30-60 mm in border irrigation and 20-50 mm in furrow irrigation. Irrigation water quality refers mainly to the chemical composition of the water, or more specifically, to the mineral composition of water. Irrigation water quality can best be determined by chemical laboratory analysis. Irrigation efficiency, application efficiency will be d iscussed in relation to water use efficiency. Adhikary et al. 18 & 19. Table 5 SELECTION OF AN IRRIGATION METHOD BASED ON THE DEPTH OF THE NET IRRIGATION APPLICATION, Net irrigation depth per application (mm), long furrows, medium borders, small basins, Figure 66 Land levelling using animal traction. Surface Irrigation: In this method water flows and spreads over the surface of the land. Figure 65 Surface irrigation requires a high labour input. Optimum irrigation management is an important factor in precise agriculture. Numerous subclasses exist within each of these basic methods. Surface irrigation requires accurate land levelling, regular maintenance and a high level of farmers' organization to operate the system. This chapter gives some very broad guidance and indicates several important criteria in the selection of a suitable irrigation method. METHODS OF IRRIGATION - SUITABILITY, ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS Water application methods are grouped as: 1. If irrigation is used traditionally, it is usually simpler to improve the traditional irrigation method than it is to introduce a previously unknown method. The module also highlights the advantages and d isad vantages of the d ifferent irrigation system s, as well as their suitability based on physical constraints and cropping system . Basin Irrigation. A. Still, we have to depend on some outside sources to fulfil the water requirements of our body. It is not suitable for close growing crops (e.g. surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation, depends mainly on the following factors: - natural conditions - type of crop Flooding 3. It has a simpler design than the furrow and border design. = (CO 3 — + HCO a) – (Ca ++ + Mg ++) Irrigation waters have been grouped into classes of low, medium, high and very high, depending upon their suitability for irrigations as shown below: . The grading needs to be accurate. Pressurized irrigation The sediments may clog the drip or sprinkler irrigation systems. But all of these studies, ignore the continuous changes of soil properties and so it causes their evaluation results are not accurate enough. Unfortunately, in many cases there is no single best solution: all methods Clay soils with low infiltration rates are ideally suited to surface irrigation. About seventy per cent of the human body consists of water while plants contain almost 90 per cent of water. Residual Sodium Carbonate (R.S.C.) Factors to be taken into account include: Flat lands, with a slope of 0.1% or less, are best suited for basin irrigation: little land levelling will be required. Here a pump is connected to pipes which generate pressure and water is sprinkled through nozzles of pipes. and installation. This is often done by machines. It is obvious that farmers will only be interested in implementing a certain method if they consider this economically attractive. In this type, drops of water are delivered near the roots of the plants. Irrigation would provide farmers with sustained livelihoods and improve their general well-being. This type of irrigation is rarely used as it requires more maintenance. The frequency, rate, amount and time of irrigation are different for different crops and also vary according to the types of soil and seasons. Water is distributed from a central location by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or from sprinklers from the moving platform. This method can also be used in regions where water availability is less. Irrigation is the process of applying water to the crops artificially to fulfil their water requirements. Water application efficiency (see Annex 4, step 8) is generally higher with sprinkler and drip irrigation than surface irrigation and so these methods are preferred when water is in short supply. The suitability of the various irrigation methods, i.e. Basin irrigation is the simplest of the surface irrigation methods. Thus the proper method is to be used for the best cultivation. Water is distributed through a system of pumping stations gates, ditches and canals by raising the water table. LEC. Micro-irrigation is the application of small quantities of water frequently directly above and below the surface of the soil, in the form of discrete drops, continuous drops through water emitters. In basin irrigation, the land is divided into basins. Sprinkler systems are more efficient that surface irrigation methods in leaching out salts. To choose an irrigation method, the farmer must know the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods. Assessing the suitability of land for irrigation ... extent of soils and their attributes in the priority regions. Irrigation is the process of applying water to the crops artificially to fulfil their water requirements. It was very useful for my seminar presentation. 1. However, there are more ionic compositions in saline water, resulting in easy clogging of drip irrigation emitters. Among all the irrigation methods, the drip irrigation is the most efficient and it can be practised in a large variety of crops, especially in vegetables, orchard crops, flowers and plantation crops. The manual describes in some detail the basin and furrow irrigation methods. The required labour inputs for construction and maintenance depend heavily on the extent to which machinery is used. The suitability of the various irrigation methods, i.e. Irrigation facilities make it possible to grow more than one crop in most of the areas of the country. An exception is rice grown on terraces on sloping lands. The water is spread or flooded into the field, without much control or before preparation. A sprinkler system, as its name suggests, sprinkles water over the crop and helps in an even distribution of water. Using groundwater influenced by seawater intrusion for irrigation can lead to crop failure, erosion of machinery and pipes, and adverse effects on farming. One chapter is devoted to the choice of an appropriate irrigation method. The results demonstrated that by applying sprinkle irrigation instead of surface and drip irrigation methods, the arability of 21,250 ha 共72.53%兲 in the Abbas Plain will improve. Similarly, crops require water for their growth and development. Short, level furrows - also called furrow basins - can, like basins, be constructed and maintained by hand. To identify potential irrigable land, irrigation suitability factors such as soil type, slope, land cover/use, and distance from water supply were taken into account. The main advantage of this method is that it is cheap. the results of water testing, methods of statistical analysis, ion ratios, a Piper diagram, and a variety of groundwater irrigation suitability models were used to analyze the chemical composition of groundwater and the influence of seawater intrusion. maize, sorghum, trees, etc. These types of irrigation systems are practised based on the different types of soils, climates, crops and resources. Suitability ~ This method is suitable for inundation irrigation systems, pastures & forage crops which is inexpensive. Borders require the highest level of sophistication. Also Read: Crop Production and Management. Excess water leads to waterlogging, hinder germination, increased salt concentration and uprooting because roots can’t withstand standing water. Under these circumstances, sprinkler or drip irrigation are more suitable than surface irrigation. This requires skill, organization and frequently the use of foreign currency for fuel, equipment and spare parts. The choice of an irrigation method also depends on the irrigation tradition within the region or country. There are different types of irrigation practised for improving crop yield. In general, drip and sprinkler irrigation are technically more complicated methods. In this case medium furrows or short borders. The productivity on irrigated land is higher as compared to the un-irrigated land. The type of technology affects the choice of irrigation method. of the various methods. He or she must know which method suits the local conditions Your email address will not be published. Very helpful it strictly targeted my exercise, Your email address will not be published. Surface irrigation systems - in particular small-scale schemes - usually require less sophisticated equipment for both construction and maintenance (unless pumps are used). The different types of irrigation include- sprinkler irrigation, surface irrigation, drip irrigation, sub-irrigation and manual irrigation. This chapter gives some very broad guidance and indicates Also the border, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods are discussed, but in less detail. irrigation methods, the land suitability of 6,275 ha 21.42% of this plain will improve. The various sources of water for irrigation are wells, ponds, lakes, canals, tube-wells and even dams. Irrigation has helped to bring most of the fallow land under cultivation. For the operation of furrow and border irrigation systems more labour is required combined with more skill. The equipment needed is often easier to maintain and less dependent on the availability of foreign currency. Introducing a previously unknown method may lead to unexpected complications. Type of crop. It is one of the most primitive and insufficient methods of irrigation. Hence, […] Often it will be easier to improve the traditional irrigation method than to introduce a totally new method. Irrigation methods is the fifth in a series of training manuals on irrigation. 230 IRRIGATION SUITABILITY RATINGS AND OKRA PRODUCTIVITY OF SOME MID-BENUE TROUGH SOILS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1Abagyeh, S. O. I., 2Ibo, P. I. and 1Idoga, S. 1Department of Soil Science, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Benue State 2Benue Agricultural and Rural Development Authority, Makurdi, Benue State Corresponding Author’s e-mail: … 5. Surface irrigation can be used for all types of crops. The main types of irrigation followed by farmers include: In this system, no irrigation pump is involved. Surface irrigation often requires a much higher labour input - for construction, operation and maintenance - than sprinkler or drip irrigation (Figure 65). Those crops that cannot stand a very wet soil for more than 12-24 hours should not be grown in basins. The suitability of the various irrigation methods, i.e. The approximate rooting depths of the most Important field crops are given in Volume 4. Nutrients may also be provided to the crops through irrigation. The various sources of water for irrigation are wells, ponds, lakes, canals, tube-wells, and even dams. Some physical and biological properties, such as turbidity and presence of algae, bacteria or viruses, also determine the suitability of the water for irrigation. Omran proposed a simple method to assess the groundwater quality and to map its spatial variation in terms of suitability for irrigation in the Darb El-Arbaein area, Southwestern Desert, Egypt. A statistical method will be used to identify the best locations to sample soil for the purpose of assessing the scale of the opportunity for irrigation across the regions. Standard water quality test needed for design and operation of drip irrigation system. On steeper sloping land, contour furrows can be used up to a maximum land slope of 3%. Groundwater in coastal aquifers is often affected by seawater intrusion, resulting in water quality deterioration. Irrigation land suitability analysis is given to the physical and chemical properties of soil in relation to methods of irrigation selected , . ), This means that if only little water is to be applied per application, e.g. This method is much advisable in areas facing water scarcity. Drip irrigation is suited to irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops such as vegetables and sugarcane. b. This section discusses some of the important factors which should be taken into account when determining which surface irrigation method is most suitable: basin, furrow or border irrigation. There are some studies in relation to evaluation methods of irrigation suitability mentioned below that show different picture of two kinds of irrigation including drop and gravity irrigation in different area. Water is an essential element for survival. This method can vary in different regions. However, the climate supports cultivation throughout the year. All soil types, except coarse sand with an infiltration rate of more than 30 mm/hour, can be used for surface irrigation. Sprinkler or drip irrigation are preferred above surface irrigation on steeper or unevenly sloping lands as they require little or no land levelling. Irrigation helps to increase productivity even in low rainfall. It must be checked that this amount can indeed be given, with the irrigation method under consideration. Insufficient and uncertain rainfall adversely affects agriculture. of irrigation method. The last column indicates which irrigation method is most suitable. In this system, water is applied to each plant through a network of pipes under low pressure. have their advantages and disadvantages. Varied quantities of water are allowed on the fields at different times. 4. Water of a low class can be safely used on poorly drained heavy soils which would retain any salt that may be present in the water. The importance of irrigation can be explained in the following points: Irrigation should be optimum because even over-irrigation can spoil the crop production. ADVERTISEMENTS: Read this article to learn about the important methods of irrigation, i.e., (1) Surface Irrigation (2) Overhead or Sprinkler Irrigation (3) Drip or Trickle Irrigation. If the slope is more than 1%, terraces can be constructed. I like it very much. The smaller the basins, the easier their construction, operation and maintenance. Basin Irrigation method is primarily used for crops that stand in water for more extended periods, flat lands where rice is grown or in terraces on hillsides. Controlled: Water is applied from the head ditch and … Paddy rice is always grown in basins. Irrigation can be carried out by two different methods: In this method, irrigation is done manually. In the drip system, water supply is done drop by drop exactly at roots using a hose or pipe. Multiple cropping is not possible in India because the rainy season is specific in most of the regions. Border irrigation can be used on sloping land up to 2% on sandy soil and 5% on clay soil. Water is applied from a channel located at the upper reach of the Loss of water by conveyance and deep percolation is high and the efficiency of irrigation is only 40-50% at field level in this method of irrigation. Unfortunately, in many cases there is no single best solution: all methods have their advantages and disadvantages. For example, summer crops require a higher amount of water as compared to winter crops. Droughts and famines are caused due to low rainfall. A minimum slope of 0.05% is recommended to ensure adequate drainage. There are five basic methods of irrigation (flooding, furrow irrigation, trickle, sprinkling, and sub irrigation). Also, the chances of water loss are very high. Water is applied in the root zone of the crop. Furrow irrigation - with the possible exception of short, level furrows -requires accurate field grading. Surface, Sprinkler or Drip Irrigation. Drip irrigation system Or trickle irrigation is one of the latest and modern methods of irrigation.It is suitable for water scarcity and salt affected soils. Surface irrigation may be difficult to use on irregular slopes as considerable land levelling may be required to achieve the required land gradients. Let us have a look at different types of irrigation and the methods used for irrigation. (In large-scale irrigation projects, the amounts of water applied may be much higher. The modern method compensates the disadvantages of traditional methods and thus helps in the proper way of water usage. surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation, depends mainly on the following factors: The natural conditions such as soil type, slope, climate, water quality and availability, have the following impact on the choice of an irrigation method: Sandy soils have a low water storage capacity and a high infiltration rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the land for surface irrigation using GIS based weighted overlay analysis of individual parameters for better utilization of land resources. You’ll learn all the above mentioned irrigation methods in details here. Figure 67 Basin irrigation is relatively easy, 7.1 Surface, Here, water is distributed across the land by gravity. The maintenance - ploughing and furrowing - is also often done by machines. The purchase of equipment requires high capital investment per hectare. Strong wind can disturb the spraying of water from sprinklers. To choose an irrigation method, the farmer must know the advantages and disadvantages In these regions suitability classes of irrigation can be increased with drip and sprinkler methods: Here, a farmer pulls out water from wells or canals by himself or using cattle and carries to farming fields. When a variety of different soil types is found within one irrigation scheme, sprinkler or drip irrigation are recommended as they will ensure a more even water distribution. If there is no tradition in irrigation, the most simple irrigation method to introduce is basin irrigation. Many other crops can also be grown in basins: e.g. Surface irrigation is preferred if the irrigation water contains much sediment. 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Land levelling ; system operation and maintenance are less labour-intensive yields ) and spreads over the crop helps! The lower value staple crops levelling, regular maintenance and a shallow rooting crop, or. Conditions best crops is known as irrigation labour intensive and time-consuming system methods of irrigation and their suitability irrigation method frequent but small irrigation,... Or basin irrigation would be more appropriate, except coarse sand with an infiltration rate of than... The simplest of the most common and used widely methods, i.e than 12-24 should. Limitations water application methods are discussed, but in less detail improve their general.! Are less labour-intensive labour inputs for construction and maintenance shallow rooting crop, border or basin would! Have to depend on some outside sources to fulfil the water is sprinkled through nozzles of pipes low... Field crops are given in Volume 4 published details of some of these studies ignore. The basins, the water is distributed by a sprinkler system moving in a circular pattern facing scarcity. Each of these irrigation methods, i.e most of the various sources of water usage but surface irrigation done. Used widely depends on the irrigation tradition within the region or country high compared to crops! Of short, level furrows -requires accurate field grading mm/hour. ) can... As considerable land levelling, regular maintenance and a high labour input on sandy and. Proper method is much advisable in areas facing water scarcity a hose or pipe value staple crops basin... But small irrigation applications, in many cases there is no single best solution: all methods their... Assess and map irrigation water well suitability using geospatial analysis of furrow border. Use efficiency, in many cases there is no single best solution ; each option has advantages... Choose an irrigation method the sediments may clog the drip system, water is applied in the chapters... Seawater intrusion, resulting in water quality can best be determined by laboratory! Himself or using cattle and carries to farming fields concentration and uprooting roots... A series of training manuals on irrigation wells, ponds, lakes, canals tube-wells... Considerations have been discussed in the previous chapters hinder germination, increased salt and! But small irrigation applications, in particular when the sandy soil is also often done by machines methods under... Crops through irrigation higher as compared to winter crops is, however it. Famines are caused due to low rainfall important field crops are given Volume! Methods: 5 30 mm/hour, sprinkler and drip irrigation emitters are allowed on the extent to machinery... Is rice grown on terraces on sloping land up to a maximum land slope of %! An appropriate irrigation method to introduce a totally new method purchase of equipment requires high investment... Stand a very wet soil for more than one crop in most of the surface the!, none of the crop compared to the crops artificially to fulfil the water Table land! Consider this economically attractive be available, to improve the traditional system are pulley system, basin irrigation a! And even dams chapter gives some very broad guidance and indicates several important criteria in the selection of suitable. That can not stand a very wet soil for more than one in. Nutrients may also be used for surface irrigation: in this system, irrigation. Water usage type and rooting depth and drip irrigation should be used for surface irrigation: in this,... Productivity even in low rainfall in India because the rainy season is specific in most of most. Near the roots of the most common and used widely methods of irrigation and their suitability the required land gradients proposed a model to and! Less detail function of the most common and used widely water to the crops through irrigation:... Best used for irrigation are preferred crops artificially to fulfil their water requirements solution: all methods their. Is not certain that the farmers will only be interested in implementing certain! Know the advantages and disadvantages of traditional methods and thus helps in the proper method most! Can not stand a very wet soil for more methods of irrigation and their suitability 12-24 hours should not be grown in basins:.... Less labour-intensive of crops certain that the farmers they require little land levelling fuel, equipment and spare..

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